{"id":1885,"date":"2021-06-19T12:21:03","date_gmt":"2021-06-19T12:21:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.musicianscience.org\/?p=1885"},"modified":"2021-06-19T12:21:05","modified_gmt":"2021-06-19T12:21:05","slug":"autism-is-associated-with-superior-sense-of-intonation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.musicianscience.org\/index.php\/autism-is-associated-with-superior-sense-of-intonation\/","title":{"rendered":"Autism is associated with superior sense of intonation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Title of paper under discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enhanced Pitch Sensitivity in Individuals with Autism: A Signal Detection Analysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anna Bonnel, Laurent Mottron, Isabelle Peretz, Manon Trudel, Erick Gallun and Anne-Marie Bonnel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Journal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol 15, no 2, pp 226\u2013235<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Link to paper<\/a> (free access)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Anna Bonnel (lead author)<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Building on previous research showing that people with autism are especially good at memorising picture-pitch associations, detecting pitch change in melodies and \u201cchord disentangling\u201d, this team of scientists from the University of Montr\u00e9al set out to discover if such \u201csuperiority might be due to an abnormally high sensitivity to fine-grained pitch differences in sounds.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 \u2018high-functioning\u2019 people with autism and 12 \u2018neurotypical\u2019 people, all musically untrained, were given two tasks: 1) to listen to a series of consecutive pairs of tones, and to judge after each pair whether the two tones were \u2018same\u2019 or \u2018different\u2019 in pitch and 2) to listen to a series of two slightly differently pitched tones – \u2018high\u2019 and \u2018low\u2019 – played over and over at random and to judge after each tone whether it was high or low.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

People with autism proved more pitch sensitive than the \u2018neurotypical\u2019 controls in both tasks, especially the second. These results mirror findings of \u201cenhanced visual performance\u201d in tests by people with autism, supporting a more general \u201cenhanced perceptual functioning\u201d model to describe \u201cpeaks of ability in autism\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
H\u00f4pital Rivi\u00e8re-des-Prairies, Montr\u00e9al, specialising in research into autism<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Method<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 participants with high-functioning autism and 12 control \u2018neurotypical\u2019 participants of matching age and IQ were chosen for the study. \u201cNo musical experience\u201d was a criterion for selection as variable amounts of musical expertise amongst the participants could have skewed the analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hearing tests were carried out to ensure everyone had normal hearing; they incidentally revealed that the participants with autism were no better than the control participants at perceiving quiet tones, across all pitches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two tasks were then presented:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Task One<\/strong><\/em> – pitch discrimination <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A series of pairs of consecutive tones were played to participants. In a pair, the frequency (pitch) of the first tone was either 500, 750, 1000 or 1500 Hz. The second tone of the pair was either identical to the first, or slightly higher in pitch (by either 1%, 2% or 3%). After hearing each pair the participant was asked 1) to indicate whether the two tones were the \u201dsame\u201d or \u201cdifferent\u201d and 2) how confident they were (high, medium or low) that their \u2018same\u2019\/\u2018different\u2019 judgment was correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Task <\/strong><\/em>Two<\/em><\/strong> – pitch categorisation<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participants listened to a series of two slightly differently pitched tones repeated over and over in random sequence, one \u2018low\u2019 (1000 Hz) and one \u2018high\u2019 (1030 Hz). After each tone, during the series, the participant was asked to nominate if that tone was \u2018high\u2019 or \u2018low\u2019. They then listened to a second series and were asked to complete the same task, this time a bit more difficult because the two tones were closer, 1000Hz and 1020 Hz. And then a third, even more difficult, with the tones pitched at 1000Hz and 1010Hz. Again the participants always gave a confidence rating alongside each answer of high, medium or low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
University of Montr\u00e9al<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Revealing sensitivity despite bravado – Signal Detection Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In trying to discern how sensitive each participant was to pitch differences, the researchers used a method of analysis that is able to measure such sensitivity independently of the \u2018confidence\u2019 of the participant making the calls, a method called signal detection analysis. The idea behind the method – developed in the 1940\u2019s for rating how well operators could discern enemy aircraft from radar pictures – is that when people make a decision on a binary choice such as \u201csame\/different\u201d or \u201chigh\/low\u201d they do it not only based on their perceptual \u2018sensitivity\u2019 to spotting that difference, but also depending on the conviction and confidence (\u2018decision criteria\u2019) with which they make the call. For instance someone might be keener to reckon they\u2019ve spotted a \u2018difference\u2019 than others, even though they are no more sensitive. In order to tease out \u2018sensitivity\u2019 (the parameter under investigation) from \u2018decision criteria\u2019 Bonnel and her colleagues fed the data from each task – the correct answers, the wrong answers and the confidence with which each had been decided – into a graphic called a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve. From this graphic a genuine pitch sensitivity reading could be revealed for each participant, irrespective of any \u2018response bias\u2019 inherent in their answers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ROC curve analysis is explored in more depth here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
The CXAM-1 antenna aboard\u00a0USS\u00a0Ranger\u00a0(CV-4)<\/a>\u00a0in November 1942<\/em><\/span> (image – US Navy)<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Task One<\/strong><\/em> – pitch discrimination<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The percentage of correct answers closely matched the confidence ratings of the participants across both groups, and the lower the confidence rating the longer participants took to make a decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no significant difference between \u2018clinical participants\u2019 (people with autism) and \u2018control participants\u2019 (\u2018neurotypical\u2019 people) in sensitivity to a 1% different in pitch. But when that difference was 2% or 3% the sensitivity of clinical participants outshone that of the controls:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
‘d’ (y-axis) is discrimination sensitivity (“same\/different”) to 1%, 2% and 3% differences in pitch (x-axis)<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Task <\/strong><\/em>Two<\/em><\/strong> – pitch categorisation<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Again, response accuracy closely followed the confidence ratings; and the lower the confidence levels, the longer it took participants to make their judgment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sensitivity to pitch difference was higher amongst the clinical participants compared with the control partisans in all three series (pitch differences of 1%, 2% and 3%):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
‘d’ (y-axis) is discrimination sensitivity (“high\/low”) to 1%, 2% and 3% differences in pitch (x-axis)<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Comparison between the two tasks<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In \u2018neurotypical\u2019 participants (‘control subjects’), pitch discrimination was significantly better than pitch categorisation. But in participants with autism (‘clinical subjects’), performance was equally as impressive in both tasks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study was the first ever \u201cto apply signal methodology technology to investigate perceptual performance of individuals with autism\u201d and its authors concluded their findings \u201cdemonstrate superior \u201cpitch sensitivity\u201d in high-functioning individuals with autism.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bonnel suggests that figure 5 (above, showing the similarity in sensitivity displayed in both tasks by individuals with autism, compared with the lower sensitivity in Task Two cf Task One by \u2018neurotypical\u2019 participants) may reveal a difference in strategy between the two groups in carrying out Task Two. Namely that the clinical participants are able to use \u2018trace memory\u2019 for Task One and Task Two, whereas control participants can use \u2018trace memory\u2019 for Task One but find it is not robust enough for the challenge of Task Two, and instead have to switch to a \u201ccontest-coding\u201d type of memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

She goes on to argue that these results suggest people with autism excel at distinguishing pitch changes in a melodic contour (and similar skills in visual discrimination) not due to compensation for a weakness in \u2018global\u2019 processing (as postulated by the \u201cWeak Central Coherence model”), but due to superior strength in \u2018local\u2019 processing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such results, demonstrating as they do a superior ability to process \u201cfine-grained, long-term representations of differential pitches\u201d, could also explain the higher incidence of Absolute Pitch in people with autism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although this paper doesn\u2019t itself investigate brain activity associated with pitch sensitivity, Bonnel is keen to point out that a comparison of electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings taken whilst children with and without autism listened to unexpected pitch changes suggests \u201ca reorganisation of pitch processing at a cortical level in individuals with autism\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crucially, the authors emphasise that their findings, taken together with similar research into visual discrimination by people with autism, suggest that such superior discriminatory ability stems from \u201cenhanced perceptual functioning\u201d; and the fact that these participants were all \u2018normal IQ\u2019 further supports the theory that \u201cthe peaks of abilities in pitch perception in autism are not \u201crelative\u201d to otherwise impaired performance but rather are \u201cabsolute\u201d peaks of abilities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
WA Mozart, whose behaviour is claimed<\/a> to be compatible with a retrospective diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Coda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Symphony no 40<\/a> in G minor, K550 by WA Mozart<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staatskapelle Berlin, cond Julien Salemkour<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Title of paper under discussion Enhanced Pitch Sensitivity in Individuals with Autism: A Signal Detection Analysis Authors Anna Bonnel, Laurent Mottron, Isabelle Peretz, Manon Trudel, Erick Gallun and Anne-Marie Bonnel Journal Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol 15, no 2, pp 226\u2013235 Link to paper (free access) Overview Building on previous research showing that people with …<\/p>\n

Autism is associated with superior sense of intonation<\/span> Read More \u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,6,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1885","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-auditory-discrimination","category-disorder","category-musician"],"yoast_head":"\nAutism is associated with superior sense of intonation - ADRIAN BRADBURY cellist<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discussion of a paper on Auditory Discrimination, Disorder and Musician, hosted by cellist Adrian Bradbury\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musicianscience.org\/index.php\/autism-is-associated-with-superior-sense-of-intonation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Autism is associated with superior sense of intonation - 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